The Dunning-Kruger Effect

The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias where people with low ability or knowledge in a particular area tend to overestimate their competence. This effect is named after psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, who first identified it in 1999. The phenomenon occurs because those with limited skills or knowledge often lack the self-awareness to recognize their own shortcomings, leading them to believe they are more capable than they truly are.

Conversely, those who are more knowledgeable or skilled in a field may underestimate their abilities, often because they are more aware of the complexities and nuances involved.

In summary:

Low-skilled individuals overestimate their ability.

High-skilled individuals may underestimate their ability.

This effect highlights the importance of metacognition (awareness of one's own thinking and knowledge) in evaluating competence.